Digital Fortress Chapter 49

Becker dragged himself off the floor of the bus and collapsed in an empty seat. â€Å"Nice move, dipshit.† The kid with the three spikes sneered. Becker squinted in the stark lighting. It was the kid he'd chased onto the bus. He glumly surveyed the sea of red, white, and blue coiffures. â€Å"What's with the hair?† Becker moaned, motioning to the others. â€Å"It's all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Red, white, and blue?† the kid offered. Becker nodded, trying not to stare at the infected perforation in the kid's upper lip. â€Å"Judas Taboo,† the kid said matter-of-factly. Becker looked bewildered. The punk spit in the aisle, obviously disgusted with Becker's ignorance. â€Å"Judas Taboo? Greatest punk since Sid Vicious? Blew his head off here a year ago today. It's his anniversary.† Becker nodded vaguely, obviously missing the connection. â€Å"Taboo did his hair this way the day he signed off.† The kid spit again. â€Å"Every fan worth his weight in piss has got red, white, and blue hair today.† For a long moment, Becker said nothing. Slowly, as if he had been shot with a tranquilizer, he turned and faced front. Becker surveyed the group on the bus. Every last one was a punk. Most were staring at him. Every fan has red, white, and blue hair today. Becker reached up and pulled the driver-alert cord on the wall. It was time to get off. He pulled again. Nothing happened. He pulled a third time, more frantically. Nothing. â€Å"They disconnect 'em on bus 27.† The kid spat again. â€Å"So we don't fuck with 'em.† Becker turned. â€Å"You mean, I can't get off?† The kid laughed. â€Å"Not till the end of the line.† Five minutes later, the bus was barreling along an unlit Spanish country road. Becker turned to the kid behind him. â€Å"Is this thing ever going to stop?† The kid nodded. â€Å"Few more miles.† â€Å"Where are we going?† He broke into a sudden wide grin. â€Å"You mean you don't know?† Becker shrugged. The kid started laughing hysterically. â€Å"Oh, shit. You're gonna love it.†

Love Cycle Essay

The rain starts pouring that particular early evening. Other students run towards buildings for shelter, but I do not notice the cold. How I feel is more overpowering than the disgust I would have felt for me getting soaked at any other time. My feet automatically stop right next to the bench where I have first seen her. That was what, more than a year ago, and I have not seen her for six months now. My beautiful, sweet Angie. Nothing could have prepared me for that one, fateful night when I passed by the same spot on my way home and, against the darkness of the park, I noticed a girl with her head bowed, her arms propped against the bench, and her hair covering her face. It was raining then, too, and that forlorn figure got me worried in spite of myself. So I had approached where she sat, and carefully asked, â€Å"Uhm, miss? † She did not look up. Maybe she was a stone sculpture, until I heard a hiccup. â€Å"Miss, are you OK? It’s raining and, uh, it’s kind of dark here. † The girl slowly sat upright until she was looking at me directly. I swear I heard angels singing when she trained those eyes on me. But they were sad, tear-stained eyes. I could not help thinking what possibly made such beautiful girl cry. Yes, she was beautiful even with the dark stains in her cheeks. Despite the situation, the guy in me just could not stop checking her out. She looked tall and slender. Her hair was long, almost reaching her elbow. She had these thin eyebrows, the kind I usually looked at in women. They made her eyes look bigger and God, didn’t she have the longest eyelashes. What guy wouldn’t fall for a woman who looks like her? My scrutiny halted when she muttered, almost inaudibly, â€Å"I’m OK. † Her voice sounded sweet to my ears. I have never been a picky person, except when it comes to women. I can eat anything, anyone can be my friend, but I can never just pick out one woman from the crowd and pursue her ‘til she say that sweet ‘Yes. ’ I guess maybe that’s the reason why I fell hopelessly in love with Angie. She just appeared into my life without warning, and she never sent any signal to my direction that she likes me, too. A week after that incident, I was forced to do some researching at the main library. By any choice, I would have chosen to play hoops with the guys, but my grade was on the line. Little did I know that I’d see her for the second time, in the library. The funny thing was we were obviously looking for the same thing because we reached for an old book at the same time. When we looked at each other, I found out it was her. She must have recognized me because she tentatively smiled. â€Å"Uh, go ahead,† I said, ever the gentleman. She took the book and said, â€Å"I guess there’s only this copy here. By the way, I’m Angie. You were that guy. † It made me smile because she did remember. â€Å"Yeah! I’m Skip. † When she looked puzzled, I added, â€Å"Actually it’s Steven, but I’m usually called Skip. † It was a year ago now, but I can still remember the way she smiled when we studied that book, or the way her face lit up whenever she talked. Eventually we became friends as we found out we had the same teacher but a different schedule on a subject. That friendship entitled me to see her everyday and talk with her. As days and months passed, I became more attached to Angie. Sometimes I would decline my mates’ invitation for one basketball game just so I could accompany Angie to wherever she wanted to go. I found out that I immensely enjoyed her company because we have so many things in common. We both grew up in a broken family; she lived with her father, while I grew up with my mother. The comfort we found in each other after talking about a similar experience drew us ever closer. It dawned on me one day that I have fallen in love with Angie. Every time she’s away, it creates a hollow feeling that only she can fill. Even my friends noticed the change in me. I was too afraid to let her know. The last time I pursued a girl, she turned me down even before I could ask her. I felt that it might happen the second time around with Angie. That would surely crush my heart, or any chances of her and me ending up together. More days passed. I got the shock of my life when one night, while I was at the apartment studying with my friends, she came barging into the room wearing the biggest, most beautiful smile. I was imagining her telling me, â€Å"Skip, I just found out that I could not live without you! † Instead, she told me and everyone else, â€Å"Skip! My goodness, you wouldn’t believe this! Will finally asked me! † I frowned upon hearing that name. I only met Will once or twice, and it didn’t dawn on me that he was pursuing my Angie, too. I didn’t even know if the two dated. After Angie told me about him, I felt like the world was crushing me. Would she have worn the same, big, beautiful smile if I asked her? Probably not. I died when she next announced, â€Å"Skip, he asked me. How could I not say yes? We dated a few times but we always see each other during Math II and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I no longer heard the rest of it because I stood up and, without saying anything, locked myself in my room. I didn’t hear her knocking, nor her voice pleading me to come out and tell her what’s wrong. The erratic beating of my barely functioning heart was too loud for me to hear anything. What Angie said, it was like a dagger. After all this time, I’ve been building my courage to finally tell her how I feel. But she beat me to it, with a very cruel message. Anger, regret, and resentment rolled up until I couldn’t take it anymore. I wanted to shout, to hurt myself. But how could I rewind the time, back to the days when I was on the verge of professing to her? I never felt so bad in my life, not even the way I feel about my last unfortunate episode with a girl can compare. I have loved Angie, so much in fact that I can give up anything. I nurtured this feeling until it blossomed into full-blown love that is far from what any man can comprehend. I wanted her back. I wanted back my Angie. It was so unfair. I know I haven’t indicated that I feel something special for her, but how could she not notice? It was like telling me, in my face, that she doesn’t think I’m good enough for her. It was too much that I found myself crying into the night like I never did before. The tears just wouldn’t stop even if I reminded myself it was not a macho thing. But who cares? The woman I’ve secretly loved for so long, just fluttered away. I found out it was hard. Since that night I avoided her, ignored her calls, her messages. I was hurting so much that I didn’t want to see her. Eventually the calls and messages stopped. I barely saw her in the months that followed. If I did, she was in the company of that guy who could have been me had I dared to tell her. I tried to move on because I can see that she’s happy. I was just unsure if it would be a great idea right now to be friends with her again. So the days and months that followed, I immersed myself into studying, hanging out with my friends and signing up for other activities to help me forget. I knew there was no other way but to forget, and forget I did. So in that early evening, I sit where she sat more than one year ago. The rain was accommodating, falling endlessly and washing the tears from my eyes. I was not crying because of regret, but because of the fact that I really did move on after all. I prop my hands over the edge of the cold bench and watch as droplets of rain create ripples in the puddle of water on my feet. Suddenly, rain stops falling in the puddle but it does not stop entirely. A pair of shoes appeared just next to the bench, and I noticed that a shadow stretches over the lawn in front of me. A female voice carefully asked, â€Å"Excuse me. Are you alright? † Yeah, it’s time for me to let go. Time can heal all wounds, and rain can wash away tears. I couldn’t help smiling at the turn of two similar events: one more than a year ago, and the other, right now. With a smile I looked up into the worried face of a girl holding an umbrella towards me and I said, â€Å"Yes, I’m OK. †

Business Commnication Essay

Expanded Communication Opportunities Technology allows individuals to communicate and carry on a business relationship without ever meeting face to face, so people in all parts of the world now have the chance to interact with a company in a rural part of the United States. For example, technology allowed for the emergence of the virtual assistant, a worker who completes tasks for her client online without having ever met him, in the 20th century. Communication Must Be More Deliberate Although technology has made communication instantaneous, so you don’t have o spend hours planning and composing before you communicate and wait for a long period for the reply, it has also made planning deliberate communication periods more important. First, companies that do take advantage of telecommuting and virtual offices need to deliberately plan to communicate with individuals in teams to avoid employees losing touch and to make sure all are working toward the same goals. Second, even if you work in a physical office, instantaneous communication regarding quick decisions and memos cannot replace specific communication times where big decisions are discussed and progress reports given. However, when employees are communicating in multiple ways every day, it can be easy to forget to schedule these types of meetings. Communication Is More Distracting From constantly overhearing cell phone conversations, to the worker who is constantly emailing or texting you to the incessant â€Å"ding† of your office’s instant messenger, communication tools that were designed to make you more productive can actually do the opposite. Instant communication can make it harder for workers to deal with one task at a time when their work is constantly being interrupted by comments and questions that relate to other projects or even personal issues. In fact, some employees must make an effort to turn off communication devices while they work to meet deadlines. by Miranda Morley, Demand Media References (2) †¢ Walden University College of Management and Technology: How Has Technology Changed Business? †¢ â€Å"Entrepreneur†; Effective Communication for Managing Virtual Office Employees; David G. Javitch; December 2008 Information technology is a modern phenomenon that has dramatically changed the daily lives of individuals and businesses throughout the world. Information technology is driven by the microchip, which owes its existence to the semi-conductor. IT solutions run the gamut from personal computers and computer software to production robotics to communications technology. Leveraging information technology for business success is key to survival in the modern business world. Significance Information technology has grown to permeate the business world, affecting how companies make and market their products, as well as how people communicate and accomplish their jobs in modern organizations. Specialized software shapes best-practices and industry standards, continually changing the face of business in almost every way. Production Technology Production technology has allowed modern companies to make great strides in operational efficiency and the effectiveness of human resources. Automation technology, such as assembly lines and computer-controlled machinery, can allow companies to produce unprecedented volumes of goods, and advances in transportation technology allow businesses to ship their products anywhere in the world. Information technology has also changed the way that companies operate internally. Personal computers have become a necessity for a large majority of corporate jobs, and many manual labor jobs require the use of a handheld computer or other electronic device as well. Communications Technology Leveraging advances in communications technology is imperative to surviving in the modern business world. Advances in cellular phone technology have revolutionized the way businesspeople communicate with clients, employees, suppliers and strategic partners. The Internet has revolutionized the marketing function in addition to opening up a wide range of communication options. Modern smartphones are changing the game yet again with the introduction of new and innovative applications. A small business owner can now access a web-based customer relationship management service on a smartphone from anywhere in the world, for example, allowing him to obtain vital data about contacts before making calls. Considerations While information technology solutions can contribute to the success of your organization, there are a number of unique costs to consider. In addition to the cost of implementing an IT solution, you must employ highly educated and specialized workers to maintain, monitor, expand and repair your IT infrastructure. The Future Modern information technology has gained popularity rapidly since the mid-twentieth century, and the trend is likely to continue into the future. As IT solutions continue to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of business operations and communications, businesses will continue to rely on IT for success †¢ Small Business Bible: Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Technology †¢ Benefit Of: Benefits of Technology The Disadvantages of Information Technology in Business Information technology has changed the way that the world does business. Correspondence that once took weeks to get from one organization to another is now delivered instantly with the push of a button. Advances in telecommunication allow associates from all point of the globe to confer in a virtual environment, minimizing the need for business travel. Although the benefits of integrating information technology in business are many, there are also disadvantages to its use. Implementation Expenses Every business must consider startup costs when implementing any type of information technology system. In addition to the cost of hardware and software, some technology vendors require businesses to purchase user licenses for each employee that will be operating the system. Businesses must examine the cost of training employees in unfamiliar technology. Although basic information technology systems may be user friendly, advanced programs still require formal instruction by an expert consultant. In addition to the startup expenses, information technology systems are expensive to maintain. Systems malfunction, and when they do, businesses must engage skilled technicians to troubleshoot and make the necessary repairs. These expenses present a major disadvantage of information technology in business, particularly to businesses that are entering the technology era for the first time. Job Elimination Implementing information technology into business operations can save a great deal of time during the completion of daily tasks. Paperwork is processed immediately, and financial transactions are automatically calculated. Although businesses may view this expediency as a boon, there are untoward effects to such levels of automation. As technology improves, tasks that were formerly performed by human employees are now carried out by computer systems. For example, automated telephone answering systems have replaced live receptionists in many organizations. This leads to the elimination of jobs and, in some cases, alienation of clients. Unemployed specialists and once-loyal employees may have difficulty securing future employment. Security Breaches The ability to store information in an electronic database facilitates quicker, more efficient communication. In the past, an individual would sift through stacks of paper records to retrieve data. With properly implemented technology, information can be recovered at the touch of a button. Although information technology systems allow business to be conducted at a faster pace, they are not without their flaws. Information technology systems are vulnerable to security breaches, particularly when they are accessible via the Internet. If appropriate measures are not in place, unauthorized individuals may access confidential data. Information may be altered, permanently destroyed or used for unsavory purposes. Small Business Bible: Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Technology Information Technology & Its Role in the Modern Organization Information technology (IT) has become a vital and integral part of every business plan. From multi-national corporations who maintain mainframe systems and databases to small businesses that own a single computer, IT plays a role. The reasons for the omnipresent use of computer technology in business can best be determined by looking at how it is being used across the business world. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Sponsored Link Looking For New Customers Drive Customers To Your Website W/ Free Rs. 2000 Advertising Credit www. Google. com/AdWords Communication For many companies, email is the principal means of communication between employees, suppliers and customers. Email was one of the early drivers of the Internet, providing a simple and inexpensive means to communicate. Over the years, a number of other communications tools have also evolved, allowing staff to communicate using live chat systems, online meeting tools and video-conferencing systems. Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) telephones and smart-phones offer even more high-tech ways for employees to communicate. Inventory Management When it comes to managing inventory, organizations need to maintain enough stock to meet demand without investing in more than they require. Inventory management systems track the quantity of each item a company maintains, triggering an order of additional stock when the quantities fall below a pre-determined amount. These systems are best used when the inventory management system is connected to the point-of-sale (POS) system. The POS system ensures that each time an item is sold, one of that item is removed from the inventory count, creating a closed information loop between all departments. Data Management The days of large file rooms, rows of filing cabinets and the mailing of documents is fading fast. Today, most companies store digital versions of documents on servers and storage devices. These documents become instantly available to everyone in the company, regardless of their geographical location. Companies are able to store and maintain a tremendous amount of historical data economically, and employees benefit from immediate access to the documents they need. Management Information Systems Storing data is only a benefit if that data can be used effectively. Progressive companies use that data as part of their strategic planning process as well as the tactical execution of that strategy. Management Information Systems (MIS) enable companies to track sales data, expenses and productivity levels. The information can be used to track profitability over time, maximize return on investment and identify areas of improvement. Managers can track sales on a daily basis, allowing them to immediately react to lower-than-expected numbers by boosting employee productivity or reducing the cost of an item. Customer Relationship Management Companies are using IT to improve the way they design and manage customer relationships. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems capture every interaction a company has with a customer, so that a more enriching experience is possible. If a customer calls a call center with an issue, the customer support representative will be able to see what the customer has purchased, view shipping information, call up the training manual for that item and effectively respond to the issue. The entire interaction is stored in the CRM system, ready to be recalled if the customer calls again. The customer has a better, more focused experience and the company benefits from improved productivity. In the past 20 years technology has made many changes in the world. One of the most significant changes was in business communication, with the invention of smartphones, emails, and communication apps turned business communication into a much more efficient and effective tool for the firm’s use. Throughout this essay contrasting arguments will be provided to highlight the effects of technological advancement in business communication.. One of the most innovative technological inventions used for communication purposes was the cellphone. Important time was lost when co-workers had to move within the company in order to reach other employees with the aim of exchanging valuable information towards the company success. Now with a cellphone, employees can often be found quickly by text messaging or direct calls. With the most recent advancement of technology in the cellphone industry, the smartphones offers a higher level of productivity by offering a wider range of services and tools making communication through e-mail and other apps. Employees now can reply to emails wherever they are and use free application tools to give the feedback even faster. Therefore it can be said that most firms have become more productive after the implementation of smarthphones. Computer tools combined with fast Internet connection enable Tele-Conferencing with employees or suppliers. Tele-Conferencing also helps us setup live virtual meetings, saving a lot of money for the firm as a result of lowered travel expenses; no participants of the meeting need to add extra traveling expenses. With the advancement of smartphone apps it is now possible to scan any images on demand, any place, any time; converting paperwork or photos into virtual documents. With these technological advanced phones we can send these documents to any co-worker within the company.

Management and Leadership development Assignment

Management and Leadership development - Assignment Example As the workforce is the valuable asset of a company, it is vital for the managers to ensure co-ordination among the widely dispersed operations around the world. HR department has to ensure that the changes in the organisations are easily accepted by the employees working within the firms and help them in aligning their tasks with the ever changing and dynamic business environment (Jayawickrama, 2011; Walumbwa et al., 2008). According to Baron and Cayer (2011), leadership development is a process or activity which enhances the leadership quality that is possessed by an individual so that the person can lead a team or show an appropriate course of action to an organisation so that it can move in the right direction. Since, it has become a mandatory requirement in most of the organisations, the activities of the leadership development comprise of MBA programs that are offered at the business schools (Drew, 2011), action learning courses and retreats done by executives (Bolden, 2007; Whitehead, 2009). The leaders have to develop the competencies and skills in their personalities so that they can manage their followers and motivate them to get engaged in activities that will be beneficial for themselves and the community as a whole (Ardichvili & Manderscheid, 2008; Yulk, 2010). There is no precise explanation of the qualities that make a person qualified for the position of a good effective leader (Yammarino et al., 2008). However, it is believed that an effective leader is one who can share perceptions, communicate with others clearly, motivate the subordinates, be responsive to the needs of the group members, encourage team efforts, willing to take risks and possess the ability of setting vision and goals (Popper, 2005; Tahilramani, 2010). It is generally believed that the leaders like any other professional such as an entrepreneur, doctor, engineer, artist and etc. are born and they cannot be made (Dalakoura, 2010). There are some people

Are modern humans biologically related to Neanderthals Essay

Are modern humans biologically related to Neanderthals - Essay Example The result of the studies shows that the modern humans originated from Africa about 150,000 years ago and were dispersed to other parts of the world where they replaced Neanderthals rather than interbreeding with them. This is clearly evidenced by the discovery of skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans in different parts of the world. Anatomically modern humans were discovered in Africa while distinctively modern humans were discovered in Europe and Asia. The anatomically modern humans existed 150,000 years ago while the distinctive modern populations existed 40,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence also shows that Aurignacian technologies were spread across central, southeastern and Western Europe through the dispersion modern human from Africa. The Aurignacian technologies of modern human emerged directly from the Neanderthal technologies; indicating that the Neanderthals of Asia and Europe associated with new populations from Africa. Another group of the modern human was dispersed along the coastal Mediterranean of Europe. Neanderthal genes disappeared in Europe because there was a direct competition between the Neanderthals and the modern humans in terms space and resources. The modern humans won because they had more complex technology and organization.According to Mellars (2004), there must have been great contact and interaction between modern populations expanding into Europe and the indigenous Neanderthals across Europe. These interactions were mainly behavioral.

Germany's Holocaust Memorial Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany's Holocaust Memorial - Term Paper Example (BBC News). One of the controversies that dog the memorial is the criticism that it exclusively commemorates only the extermination of Jews, disregarding the countless other victims of Nazi oppression, including homosexuals and gypsies. A later monument to Nazi homosexual victims stands opposite the Jewish memorial. The visitors’ information center constructed under the stele is a compromise against the criticism that the entire implications of Holocaust and its history are not appropriately represented by the public sculpture aboveground. The information center ensures that the memorial combines the aims of memory and pedagogy. The accusation of unjust exclusivity also dogs the United States’ Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C. in the context of the absence of national memorials to the victims of slavery or the genocide of the Indians. While the unmatched horror of the Holocaust cannot be denied, I believe that slavery and the massacre of the Indians are ethnic events which require commemoration in the nation of their occurrence. In my opinion, memorials to such atrocities serve a vital need in society. They are not just contemporary symbols of regret for the horrors of the past, but serve as documentations of history, and living gate-keepers to the conscience of the

Capacity Planning and Financial Appraisal Essay

Capacity Planning and Financial Appraisal - Essay Example 3. The utilization of the workcentres is assumed to be 100%. This assumption ignores any machine downtime for various reasons such as breakdown, power failure, lack of materials or labour, and planned maintenance. (Vorne industries, 2008) However, the actual number of machines planned for procurement is higher than the calculated number by a substantial amount in the case of each type of workcentre. This has occurred partly due to rounding off of fractional requirements. Where the rounding off involved marginal increases, as in the case of Workcentres A and C, the rounding off has been carried over to the next higher figure. Because of this, there is enough in-built cushion in the calculated figure to take care of lower utilization. 4. Interference or waiting times have been assumed to be zero. Interference and waiting times can arise because of unbalanced line in which some of the machines have less capacity than others causing a pile up at these centres. Waiting times can also occur when disparate products are being scheduled one at a time, and the schedules fail to take care of piling of jobs at the same time at a workcentre, causing some of the parts/products to wait. In the present case, there is a continuous production of five different products with the same processing times. Although this could lead to scheduling problems because of changeover from one product to another, in this particular case, it is unlikely to happen because all products take the same time to process. Moreover, there is sufficient cushion available in the capacities due to rounding off, to take care of any waiting time. The financial viability of the new plant is to be checked using the IRR method. The Operations Director (OD) has set a criterion for selection of projects based on the IRR of the project. According to this criterion, projects having an IRR of more than 30% are to be

The European Intermodal Transport Operations Term Paper

The European Intermodal Transport Operations - Term Paper Example There are different types of shipping operations that include longterm charters, spot charters operations, and liner operations. Long term charters operations require that the shipowner knows the type of cargo to handle as well as the port that should be used for that purpose. Spot charter is an operation where an owner of a ship has a general idea of where the ship should be situated but does not have any knowledge about the type of goods to be used for the port. Liner operation states that the owner of a ship should have knowledge of the port or volumes of cargo to be used but the venue of the operation may change from one period to another. The shipping companies may approach the business by taking into account several issues such as the purchasing of vessels that are highly flexible, those that serve several markets and reduce the rate of risk from occurring. In addition, this may prompt an owner of a ship to use expensive open hold bulk carrier that handles containers as well as dry bulk cargo. Other ship owners may prefer to use ships that are designed for specific purposes, therefore more efficient and incur less operating cost during their operations. This system is used to create opportunities for its customers by availing the products to the market at the appropriate time and place. It is an information technology tool that is used for ensuring that there is efficient management and management of intermodal door to door transport operations using scientific tools such as logistic and communication systems appropriate for the organization. It was established so that it could help in the reduction of congestion as it was witnessed in the road network. The businessmen in the shipping industry opted to have the following factors into place so as to carry out their activities profitably.The factors include higher reliability, lower prices, more flexibility and quality service levels for the customers.

DQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DQ - Essay Example These rights are further established by the first founding which hails the right of free speech as a democratic constitutional principle (American Government 4:9). Keeping this view in hindsight, the stance of the media in portraying her as a Muslin extremist merely on the grounds of her vocal protestations are indeed unfounded. Having said that, it should also be noted that the Sedition Acts of 1798 prohibit any malice towards the government, or the Congress (American Government 4:11), including the expressions of dissent with the said authorities. Some states still strongly condone this acts, at least in their workings, and together with the state policies of Maintown prohibiting the desecration of the U.S. flag, Miss Nader's arrest is justified as she went against the set laws of the city in which she was operating. America has always been a nation of liberty and freedom, and free speech is the cornerstone of this liberty. It's Constitution states that.

LEGISLATION IS INTRODUCED TO PROTECT UNMARRIED COHABITANTS Essay

LEGISLATION IS INTRODUCED TO PROTECT UNMARRIED COHABITANTS - Essay Example Under the Children Act 1989, an unmarried mother has the sole parental responsibility over her children however this was amended under the Adoption and Children Act 2002 where parental responsibility shall be acquired by the father if he is registered as the child’s father; there is a parental responsibility agreement; or when the court orders that he shall have parental authority upon his application.  Under the Children Act 1989, an unmarried mother has the sole parental responsibility over her children however this was amended under the Adoption and Children Act 2002 where parental responsibility shall be acquired by the father if he is registered as the child’s father; there is a parental responsibility agreement; or when the court orders that he shall have parental authority upon his application.   The legislative pronouncement protecting cohabitation may be used by couples who are prescribed by law to marry by reason of legal impediment or public policy to cir cumvent the law. A case in point is B & L v the United Kingdom where a parent-in-law is prohibited from marrying their child-in-law unless both had reached aged 21 and both their respective spouses had died. B was L’s father-in-law, and they wished to marry. L’s son treated his grandfather, B, as ‘Dad’. However, upon application to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), it was ruled that the prohibition violates the right to marry notwithstanding its laudable and legitimate aim of protecting the family and any children of the couple. The prohibition was based primarily on tradition and considering the same situation, no legal prohibition exists when the couple would engage in an extra-marital relationship.   In fine, there are enough laws to protect the interest of unmarried cohabitants. They must only be vigilant in protecting their rights and interests so that they may not be unduly deprived of their rights and interests.... Under the Children Act 1989, an unmarried mother has the sole parental responsibility over her children however this was amended under the Adoption and Children Act 2002 where parental responsibility shall be acquired by the father if he is registered as the child’s father; there is a parental responsibility agreement; or when the court orders that he shall have parental authority upon his application.  Under the Children Act 1989, an unmarried mother has the sole parental responsibility over her children however this was amended under the Adoption and Children Act 2002 where parental responsibility shall be acquired by the father if he is registered as the child’s father; there is a parental responsibility agreement; or when the court orders that he shall have parental authority upon his application.   The legislative pronouncement protecting cohabitation may be used by couples who are prescribed by law to marry by reason of legal impediment or public policy to cir cumvent the law. A case in point is B & L v the United Kingdom where a parent-in-law is prohibited from marrying their child-in-law unless both had reached aged 21 and both their respective spouses had died. B was L’s father-in-law, and they wished to marry. L’s son treated his grandfather, B, as ‘Dad’. However, upon application to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), it was ruled that the prohibition violates the right to marry notwithstanding its laudable and legitimate aim of protecting the family and any children of the couple. The prohibition was based primarily on tradition and considering the same situation, no legal prohibition exists when the couple would engage in an extra-marital relationship.   In fine, there are enough laws to protect the interest of unmarried cohabitants. They must only be vigilant in protecting their rights and interests so that they may not be unduly deprived of their rights and interests. Any legislation that would be enacted would put the cohabitation relationship at par with marriage and civil partnership is a mockery to the institutions. It would further erode marriage and civil partnership and from the growing number of couples choosing to cohabit without the benefit of marriage or civil partnership, it is marriage and civil partnership that need protection. Unmarried cohabitation should be left alone to give the parties freedom to choose but they cannot invoke protection as this is a direct assault on the institutions of marriage and civil partnership.  

Pursuing Criminal Justice Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pursuing Criminal Justice Paper - Essay Example In order to ensure that the innocent person is protected against harm, the federal government has established various departments and structures to facilitate these duties, namely the courts of law, correctional facilities and other agencies, which are very independent. In the United States, it is very important to recognize the existence of a criminal justice agency. In every 50 states, this totals to 51 criminal agencies in the United States (William, 2011). Indeed, one cannot deny that justice is synonymous to law enforcement. Therefore, the law enforcing agencies are tasked to treat both the individuals encountered and perpetrators with utmost unfairness. This touches on the morality of the law enforcing agencies and their ability to enforce laws of the land while at the same time; they maintain a moral and honorable move. It is justice that encompasses upholding of right and respect of individual freedom by the law enforcers. The origin of the criminal justice, particularly in t he United States dates back to 1967 when the presidents’ commission mandated with the powers of law enforcement and administration of justice came up with a report called â€Å"The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society.† The report was seen by many as a ground-breaking since it provided more than 200 proposals in an approach towards fighting and prevention of crime (The National Commission on Terrorist Attack, 2011). This commission created a structural approach on criminal justice and among its recommendations was a methodology that would ensure coordination among the legal court systems, correctional agencies and law enforcement improve. It is this commission that tried to define criminal justice as the enforcing standard of conduct that could be significant to protecting communities and individuals from committing crimes. Moreover, the discipline of criminal justice dates back to 1920 with August Vollmer, the Berkley police chief, an established criminal justice depa rtment at the University of California. It was O.W. Wilson, a student of August Vollmer, who started and researched on the meaning of the criminal justice (The National Commission on Terrorist Attack, 2011). Throughout the evolution process of the criminal justice, its scope has included the additions or removals of certain forms of punishments. Precisely, policing has led to change in customs and rights of offenders that are considered among other transformations in the criminal justice system (Ritter, 2006). Essentially, it is of the best interest to promote justice in the society, having the knowledge of how many people have suffered as a result of the injustice. It is important to uphold the moral values of the professional law enforcement agencies, which demands that one remains partisan at all times and have the utmost sobriety when carrying out justice. This means that both the victims and the offenders have the right to fair treatment. Therefore, it is the responsibility of every stakeholder in the judicial system to make sure that proper legal procedures are set in place (Ritter, 2006). One can be able to achieve promotion of justice as a law enforcing agent, through the protection of the freedom of speech, affirmative action, gay rights, and gender rights, build anti-poverty and economic opportunities that would help the poor. In addition, ending the mandatory arbitration to provide legal

Impact of Christianity on Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Impact of Christianity on Philosophy Essay Introduction Christianity’s doctrines and tenets draw from a rich heritage of long historical development. And since it is a religion shaped by history, it follows only that its teachings are influenced by the prevailing philosophies within it. But there are also good reasons to think that, conversely, Christianity is a religion that did not only draw from existing philosophies in history but also generated a significant impact on them. Three reasons may be cited to support this contention. First, philosophy was made popular by the rise of Christianity; second, key Christian thinkers have endeavored to incorporate philosophy within their belief-systems; and third, many of their teachings are actually philosophical issues Christianized in the process. Christianity and Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the rise of Christianity seems to be a factor responsible for the great interest many people have shown towards philosophy during the ancient times. It must be noted that even before Christianity as a religious movement was to be commenced (following the death of Jesus, and the rapid conversion to a belief in him), prevailing philosophies such as Epicureanism, Neo-Platonism, Stoicism, and Skepticism were already in place (Moore Bruder, 2005, p. 77). But since the Romans – the political power of that time – showed little or no interest to these philosophies, they remained largely an undercurrent phenomenon. In many ways, the rise of Christianity paved the way for such philosophies to become widespread, as they are (specifically, Neo-Platonism and Aristotleanism) employed in many â€Å"religious ideas and practices† (p. 78).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, key thinkers such as Augustine and Thomas Aquinas also contributed a lot in employing philosophy as a way to explicate Christian beliefs. With Augustine, â€Å"Christianity became so permanently interwoven with elements of Platonic thought† (Moore Bruder, 2005, 79). Augustine’s theology was chiefly concerned with arguing truths about the eternality of Christian God and the capacity of the mind to grasp the eternal truths; and these teachings are importations of the Platonic metaphysics and cosmology. Aquinas meanwhile was responsible conceiving the â€Å"underlying accord between Christian principles and Aristotle’s philosophy† from the ashes of the dark ages (p. 88). As with Plato, Aquinas’ teachings about God, nature and existence, knowledge and the world conveniently employed the methods used by philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Third, many teachings forwarded by key Christian thinkers are actually philosophies which underwent a process of Christian adaptation. In other words, the manner by which these thinkers employed philosophy in explicating their theologies â€Å"in effect† may be regarded as a process of â€Å"grafting the principles and distinction† of Greek philosophy to â€Å"Christian revealed truth† (p. 88) The doctrine of the human soul and the Trinity are glaring examples to this. If only to argue, the Christian teaching that human persons have both body and souls is very reminiscent of the Platonic dualistic cosmology, i.e., that reality is composed of matter and form. The doctrine of the Trinity meanwhile is heavily employing the concepts of universals – a teaching that enables one to infer the conceptual similarities defining of two otherwise distinct entities. The result of this adaptation process is very significant to philosophy. What this process achieved was to ultimately create a â€Å"complete Christian philosophy† (p. 89). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper concludes that indeed, Christianity is a religious movement that had a significant impact in the development of philosophy. While there are many reasons that could be cited to substantiate such a claim, three factors were deemed to be of paramount importance: namely, the rapid rise of Christianity during the ancient era, the use of prevailing philosophies to explain Christian tenets by key Christian thinkers, and the creation of a complete Christian philosophy which capitalized on adapting philosophical issues within the context of Christianity. Work Cited Moore, B. Bruder, K. (2005). Philosophy: The Power of Ideas with PowerWeb. Sixth Edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York, Mc-Graw Hill

Partial molar property

Partial molar property INTRODUCTION A partial molar property is the contribution (per mole) that a substance makes to an overall property of a mixture. The easiest partial molar property to visualize is the partial molar volume, vj of a substance j the contribution j makes to the total volume of a mixture. we can see that although 1 mol of a substance has a characteristics volume when it is pure,1 mol of that substance can make different contributions to the total volume of a mixture because molecules pack together in different ways in the pure substance and in mixture. the partial molar volume at an intermediate composition of the watterethanol mixture is an indication of the volume the H2o molecules occupy when they are surrounded by a mixture of molecules representative of the overall composition(half water, half ethanol) for instance. when the molar fraction are both 0s. The partial molar volume, VJ, of any substance J at a general composition, is defined as: where the subscript n indicates that the amount of all the other substances is held constant. The partial molar is the slope of the plot of the total volume as the amount of J is changed with all other variables held constant: it is quite possible for the partial molar volume to be negative, as it would be at II in the above diagram. For example, the partial molar volume of magnesium sulphate in water is -1.4cm3 mol-1. i.e. addition of 1 mol MgSO4 to a large volume of water results in a decrease in volume of 1.4 cm3. (The contraction occurs because the salt breaks up the open structure of water as the ions become hydrated.) Once the partial molar volumes of the two components of a mixture at the composition and temperature of interest are known, the total volume of the mixture can be calculated from: The expression may be extended in an analogous fashion to mixtures with any number of components. The most common method of measuring partial molar volumes is to measure the dependence of the volume of a solution upon its composition. The observed volume can then be fitted to a function of the composition (usually using a computer), and the slope of this function can be determined at any composition of interest by differentiation. PARTIAL MOLAR GIBBS ENERGY The most useful partial molar quantity is the partial molar free energy Gi,pm. It is so useful that it is given the name of chemical potential and a separate sumbol  µi . the chemical potential is just another name for the molar Gibbs energy. For a substance in a mixture, the chemical potential is defined as being the partial molar Gibbs energy: i.e. the chemical potential is the slope of a plot of the Gibbs energy of the mixture against the amount of component J, with all other variables held constant: In the above plot, the partial molar Gibbs energy is greater at I than at II. The total Gibbs energy of a binary mixture is given by: where the sum is across all the different substances present in the mixture, and the chemical potentials are those at the composition of the mixture. This indicates that the chemical potential of a substance in a mixture is the contribution that substance makes to the total Gibbs energy of the mixture. In general, the Gibbs energy depends upon the composition, pressure and temperature. Thus G may change when any of these variables alter, so for a system that has components A, B, etc, it is possible to rewrite the equation dG = Vdp SdT (which is a general result that was derived here) as follows: The idea that the changing composition of a system can do work should be familiar this is what happens in an electrochemical cell, where the two halves of the chemical reaction are separated in space (at the two electrodes) and the changing composition results in the motion of electrons through a circuit, which can be used to do electrical work. it is possible to use the relationships between G and H, and G and U, to generate the following relations: Now H=U+PV To measure partial molar volumes There are several ways that partial molar volumes can be measured. One way is to begin with one mole of a compound, call it component 1, add a small amount of component 2 and measure the volume, add a little more of component 2 and measure the volume again. Keep doing this until the desired concentration range has been covered. Then fit the volume data to a curve, for example, of the form, The constants, a, b, c, etc are obtained from the curve fitting and the first term is the molar volume of pure component 1. Then the partial molar volume of component 2 can be obtained by direct differentiation, Ideal Solutions We will define an ideal solution as a solution for which the chemical potential of each component is given by, whereis the chemical potential of pure component i, and Xi is the mole fraction of component i in the solution. whereis the vapor pressure of pure component i.) We have to prove that an ideal solution obeys Raoults law (using definition). Consider a solution of two components where the mole fraction of component 1 is X1. We know that the chemical potential of component 1 must be the same in the solution as in the vapor in equilibrium with the solution. That is, Equation 10 doesnt help us very much all by itself. However we have some more information. We know that for the pure component 1 we have X1 = 1, and we know that the pressure of component 1 vapor in equilibrium with the liquid is just the vapor pressure of the pure liquid, p1*, so that, which is Raoults law. [5]Chemical potential of an ideal gas the chemical potential  µ of an ideal gas at a given temperature is related to its pressure p through eq.  µ= µ + RT ln(p/p0) (15) where  µo is the standard chemical potential when the when the pressure of the gas is po, equation 15 suggest that at a given temperature, the pressure of the gas is a measure of its chemical potential. if inequalities in pressure exist in a gas container, the gas flows spontaneously from the high pressure region to the lower pressure region until the pressure is equalized throughout the vessel. In the later stage, the gas has the same value of chemical potential throughout the container. IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL POTENTIAL The chemical potentials are the key properties in chemical thermodynamics. the  µi determine reaction equilibrium and phase equilibrium. Moreover, all other partial molar properties and all thermodynamics properties of the solution can be found from the  µi ‘s APPLICATIONS Partial molar properties are useful because chemical mixtures are often maintained at constant temperature and pressure and under these conditions, the value of any extensive property can be obtained from its partial molar property. They are especially useful when considering specific properties of pure substances (that is, properties of one mole of pure substance) and properties of mixing. Δmix H ≠¡ H H*, Δ mixS≠¡ S S*, ΔmixG≠¡G G* Where H,S and G are properties of the solutions and H*,S*, And G* are properties of the pure unmixed components at the same T and P as the solution. the key mixing quantity is ΔmixG =G G*. The Gibbs energy G of the solution is G=iGi(where Gi is a partial molar quantity). The gibbs energy G* of the unmixed components is G*=iG*m,i(where G*m,i is the molar Gibbs energy of pure substance i). Therefore ΔmixG≠¡ G G* = i(Gi G*m,i) const T,P (1) which is similar for ΔmixV. we have ΔmixG = ΔmixH TΔmixS const T,P (2) which is a special case of ΔG =ΔH TΔS at constant T. ΔmixS and ΔmixV can be found as partial derivatives of ΔmixG. Taking (T,nj of eq(1), we have = i G*m,i) = i T,nj = i(Vi V*m,i) T,nj =ΔmixV (3) The changes ΔmixV, ΔmixU, ΔmixH, ΔmixCp that accompany solution formation are due entirely to changes in intermolecular interactions( both energetic and structural). However, changes in S,A and G result not only from changes in intermolecular interactions but also from the unavoidable increase in entropy that accompanies the constant T and P mixing of substance and the simultaneous increase in volume each component occupies. Even if the intermolecular interactions in the solution are the same as in the pure substances, ΔmixS and ΔmixG will still be no zero. GIBBS- DUHEM EQUATION A relation that imposes a condition on the composition variation of the set of chemical potentials of a system of two or more components, where Sis entropy, Tabsolute temperature ,Ppressure, nithe number of moles of the ith component, and ÃŽ ¼iis the chemical potential of the ith component. Also known as Duhems equation. Deriving the Gibbs-Duhem equation for volume. The total differential of the Gibbs free energy in terms of its natural variables is With the substitution of two of the Maxwell relations and the definition of chemical potential, this is transformed into: the chemical potential is just another name for the partial molar (or just partial, depending on the units of N) Gibbs free energy, thus The total differential of this expression is Subtracting the two expressions for the total differential of the Gibbs free energy gives the Gibbs-Duhem relation: FUGACITY The presences of molecular interactions distinguish the real gases from ideal gases where the molecular interactions are completely absent. For a real gas Vm ≠  RT/P and hence d µÃ¢â€°  RT d ln P. Since the ideal gas equations are not directly applicable to real gases, we are faced with a problem. We can either sacrifice the equations or the variable. If we abandon the general equation of chemical potential then we have to use various equation of state fitting with P-V-T data. The use of such equations of state will make the treatment more complicated. So we find it easier to retain the general form of the chemical potential and to define a new variable which has the dimensions and general properties of pressure. The new variable is called the fugacity, which is derived from the Latin fugere, to flee, and means literally ‘escaping tendency. It is denoted by f. it is a corrected pressure which applies to real gases. all the effects arising due to interactions are containe d in f. the chemical potential of a pure real gas can be expressed in a form  µ= µo + RT ln(f/atm)  µo is the standard chemical potential at unit fugacity. at very low pressure . the ratio (f/p) = ÃŽ ³ is called the fugacity coefficient. for an ideal gas f=p and the fugacity coefficient is unity. with this definition of the fugacity we may now express the chemical potential as:  µ= µo + RT ln(ÃŽ ³P/atm) =  µo + RT ln(P/atm) + RT ln ÃŽ ³ on compairing this expression with that for an ideal gas[ µideal =  µo + RT ln(P/atm) Condition of fugacity of a gas Let us consider the relation d µ= VmdP d µ = Vm(ideal)dP and d µ(real) = Vm(real) dP Let us consider a change in the state of the system from an initial pressure P ´ to a final pressure P, and let f ´ be the fugacity of the real gas at pressure P ´ and f the fugacity at pressure P. Integration of the expression for chemical potential yields (ideal) = m(ideal)dP or  µ(ideal)  µÃ‚ ´(ideal) = m(ideal)dP and  µ(real)  µÃ‚ ´(real) = m(real)dP but for an ideal gas the chemical potential is given by  µ(ideal) =  µo(ideal) + RT ln(P/atm)  µÃ‚ ´(ideal) =  µo(ideal) + RT ln(P ´/atm)  µo is the standard chemical potential.  µ(ideal)-  µÃ‚ ´(ideal) = RT ln(P/P ´) = m(ideal)dP (1) For the real gas  µ(real) =  µo(real) + RT ln(f/atm) and  µÃ‚ ´(real) =  µo(real) + RTln(f/atm)  µ(real)  µÃ‚ ´(real) = RT ln(f/atm) RT ln(f ´/atm) = RT ln(f/f ´) = m(ideal)dP (2) Taking the difference of equation (2) and (1), we get RT ln(f/f ´) RT ln(P/P ´) = m(real) Vm(ideal)]dP or RT ln(f/P) RT ln(f ´/P ´) = m(real) Vm(ideal)]dP (3) where = Vm(ideal) Vm(real) now, = + RT ln(f/p) RT ln(f ´/P ´) = + (4) If the pressure P ´ is very low then the gas will behave ideally and for this condition Vm(ideal) ≈ Vm(real) and = 1, The second term or left side and right side of equation (4) will be equated to zero, therefore RT ln(f/P) = or ln(f/P) = -1/RT Antilograthim gives (f/P) = exp or f= P exp( = P exp[Vm(real) Vm(ideal) )]dP (5) SUMMARY we had covered in this term paper about partial molar properties one important thing is The properties of a solution are not additive properties, it means volume of solution is not the sum of pure components volume. When a substance becomes a part of a solution it looses its identity but it still contributes to the property of the solution. The term partial molar property is used to designate the component property when it is a mixture with one or more component solution. the most important partial molar quantity is the partial molar free energy it is an intensive property because it is a molar quantity.it is denoted by  µi.now we also know that how to measure the partial volume. and then the ideal solution is the solution in which the components in pure form here we take the pure components of chemical potential . then the applications of partial molar property is the property of mixing which is very useful. it is defined in term paper and the important concept Gibbs duhem equation A relation that imposes a condition on the composition variation of the set of chemical potentials of a system of two or more components physical significance is that if the composition varies,the chemical potentials do not change independently but in a related way.and then included fugacity another important part of partial molar properties. The fugacity f plays the role of pressure and need not be equal to the actual pressure of the real gas. RESULT The overall result is the partial molar property is not of all about pure components. The term partial molar property is used to designate the component property when it is a mixture with one or more component solution. and also find out the chemical potential other name of gibbs energy and about ideal gases, fugacity.

Factors Promoting and Impeding Economic Globalisation

Factors Promoting and Impeding Economic Globalisation 1.1 INTRODUCTION Globalisation has become a profound concept in social sciences; it is hard to discuss the current developmental issues without making any comment on globalization. Globalisation has accelerated rapid changes and the progression towards the development. Furthermore, globalisation connected people to one another. For example, in the previous era the world is connecting to each other through traditional method which is via mail, now, people can connect to each other via internet. Indeed, understanding of globalisation need to be viewed from the four analytical dimensions. Namely, economic, political, cultural and technological globalization (Kiefee and Steve, 2005). This essay is more concern with the economic globalization. Economic globalization is been expressed in what is known as neo-liberal policy supported by Washington Consensus. In fact, neo-liberal policy advocates liberalization of economic, privatization, trade liberalization and deregulation of national economy, which are all part of the factors that promote economic globalisation. Economic globalisation has been a major drive of current era of globalisation. Michael (2000) has claimed that trade and financial institution has been the major drive of economic globalisation (Michael, 2000). However, economic globalisation has been experience critiques which have been led to impediment in its growth in some quarters of the world. The development of economic globalisation cannot be doubted anymore. This development has increasingly growing throughout the years and increases the levels of economic interdependence, besides sharpens struggle between countries. Various actors play an important role in economic globalisation growth, namely; International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and World Trade Organisation. These organisations perform certain functions to keep economic globalisation works, for example they provides long term loans to developing countries. The WTO act as the body that manage to reduce tax in trade relations that exist among country in the global economy relations. This essay will give answers to the following identified questions below; What factors promote economic growth? What has been the challenge to the growth of economic globalisation? What factors impede it? How can we make economic globalisation workable for all nations? To discuss this, the next section of the essay would be devoted to literature review and theoretical framework. 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Research has been made previously that has discussed the reasons that led to economic globalisation and the reasons impede it as well. Toffler (1980), avert that globalisation is principal an outcome of innovation in technology and that this emergence of technology have bring changes in ones lives, it has led to the more investment in capital and capital mobility .for example the multinational moves their capital to where they hope to reap more profits. Stiglitz (2002) was of the opinion that to understand globalisation, one has to study the three main institutions that govern it. He gave the name of these institutions as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organizations (WTO). Thus, Stieglitz emphasized being playing by International Financial Institutions in the running of present economic globalisation process. Institutions, such as World Bank is acting as the independent body that provides loans to the developing countries for development process which in turn promote economic globalisation. Stiglitz (2002) said globalization is nor good neither bad thing either. He strongly considered it to be more of division of gains between North and South where global North gain, while South loses. However, the recent development of some newly industrialising countries, such as Taiwan and China is a critique to the above view. One of the renounced pro –globalisation, and the professor of economics, in the person of Martin Wolf (2005) in his book; why globalisations works opined that globalisation is benefit for all. He cited the positive outcome of China, Brazil, India, and Singapore and now South Africa, in their openness to the world market (Wolf, 2005). He said those countries in global south that yet to reap the benefit of globalisation need to open their markets to the outside world and that they should invest in human capital skills. Neo-liberalism theory This theory emphasized the privatisation and liberalisation of the economy with reduction of trade barrier for the economy development which would benefit to all human kind. The states should only provide enabling environment for the business to thrive. That is the multinational enterprise should be given free access to the investment and production without any government policies restriction. Harvey(2005) provides full illustration and explanation of neo liberalism theory of economic globalisation, according to Harvey(2005): Neoliberalism is in the first instance a theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well-being can be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterises by strong private property rights, free markets and free trade. The role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional framework appropriate to such practices †¦The state has to guarantee, for example the quality and integrity of money†¦The state interventions in markets once created must keep to a bare minimum†¦ Applying this theory to the economic globalisation means that, the unrestricted free movement of goods and services, and most importantly in the present era of globalisation, is the movement of capital, will lead to economic growth and development which is benefit to the whole world. However, this theory have been criticised by Marxist school of thought that those who own the means of production all control the state, according to Marx and Engel (1848) every society is divided into two antagonistic class; the bourgeoisies and the working class, the haves and the haves-not, where the bourgeoisie control the means of production, they also control the state policies to continues exploit and subjugate proletariat who have no access to the means of production. The lesson that we can learn from this school of thought (Marxist) is that the position of neoliberal that state have no business in business is a pure political fallacy. But we have witness those who are well known business men and women who do not have interest politics in this present world. For example, Bill Gate, Carlos Slim, and many others. This is not to say that they do not indirect participate in politics. Despite the criticism of neoliberal theory, it’s still stand as major theory to explain economic globalisation growth and development. 1.3 FACTORS THAT PROMOTE ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION There are certain factors that promote economic globalisation growth. Such as regional integration, trade liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation and foreign direct investment, etc. Francis Fukuyama (1992) argues that the breakdown of national barriers through the creation of a single, integrated world market have facilitated mobility of capital, growth in foreign direct investment, and increases important of transnational business corporation (TNCs) (Fukuyama, 1992). Thus the central role of multinational enterprises in the economic globalisation process cannot be rejected. These factors shall be discussed below. A. Regional Integration Regional integration could promote economic globalisation. Given the fact that states within the specific geographical region come together to trade between themselves and establish free trade zone such as North-America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). John McCormick (1999) supported this view when he said that, regional integration is the practice that two or more countries sit together and had a meeting to discuss about the problem. They trying to overcome the economic crisis and promote the development of it. In most cases, this coming together of region may led to establishment of free trade zone between the states and promote economic of particular region the regional integration in Europe immediately after the second world war have a profound influence on trade liberalisation and economic globalisation . This implies that imply that there is link between regional integration and economic globalization. B.Trade liberalisation Trade liberalization is the free flow of trade between countries around the world. It emphasized the removal of the trade barriers such as tariffs and taxes on goods and services. Held and Mcgrew (2007) observed that the level of international trade have since increase significantly in relation to the national income. However they contend that this is more pronounced among the advanced industrialized country. Indeed the fallen of the trade barrier has led to the global nature of economics transaction (Held and Mcgrew 2007). The activities of the transnational corporation owing to the trade liberalization has become more pronounced in the recent era of globalisation ,thus the power of the global finance has become central to economics globalisation(Held and Mcgrew 2007). This means that trade liberalization has been a positive development to the economic globalization. For example it is possible for multinationals to invest more in a country that have liberalised its economy. And thereby promote economic globalisation. Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment has become one of the factors that promote economic globalisation. Multinational Corporation has taken economic globalization to a new level. According to UNCTAD (2001,as quoted in Held and Mcgrew 2007): ‘Multinational corporation account for about 25 percent of the world production and about 70 per cent of the world trade ,while their sales are equivalent to almost half of the world GDP’ The result of this is that investment by the multinational corporations in the form of FDI has increase over the years and this must have led to a more interconnectedness of the world economy, which invariably promote economic globalisation. D.  Privatization and Deregulation These are the products of the Washington consensus, the capitalism ideology have led to the ideas of private ownership of means of production with the sole aims of profit maximization and capital accumulation, it was the belief of the capitalist economist that the private ownership of the means of production will lead to unlimited happiness in the society. The collapse of the Soviet Union in Eastern part of the Europe saw to the more achievement of the capitalism, thereby led to the adoption of the privatization and deregulation of most of the world leading economies. These ideas of privatization and government deregulation of the economy do have positive impact on economic globalization. These four factors and many other one that were not discuss fully here, such as ,resources and market ,research and development, technologies and the state political wills promotes the growth of economic globalization, however because of the growing number of sceptic of the globalization ,for example Joseph Stieglitz (2002) in his popular books ‘Globalization and its discontents ‘have exposed some of the injustices and ugly face of the globalisation, he was particularly of the opinion that the economic globalization was never aims to help the people of the developing world, that the three institutions that runs it (IMF,WORLD BANK and WTO) were all instrument of the exploitation in the hands of the elite states of the advanced developed countries. The result of this is the growing number of the impediments to the growth of the economic globalization. I shall discuss this in the next section of this essay. 1.4 FACTORS THAT IMPEDE ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION. There are uncountable factors that may impede the growth of economic globalizations; the most critical aspect of it is the putting in place of the protectionism policies by state to protect her infant industries. Others include; tax, extremely regionalization, lack of technology, lack of political wills, lack of human and capital resources and many more. This essay shall discuses four of the above factors High tax The imposition of high tax by national governments has been described as one of the factors that can impede the growth and process of economic globalization. When a particular national government put in place a high corporate tax on investment ,in this present era of capital mobility ,the investors would in turn move their capital to where they considerate comparative advantage, so wise government should not put high tax on investment . Discussing on the hyper-globalisation thesis, Hay (2013) seems to agree that government should cut tax in order to attract foreign investor, according to Hay (2013): ‘’ Any failure on the part of a state to render its corporate taxation levels competitive in comparative terms through tax cuts will result in a punitive depreciation in net revenue as a capital exercises its mobility to exit.’’ What this means is that high tax is an anti-economic globalisation, it is against trade liberalisation policy. Extreme Regionalisation Regionalisation and globalisation are two sides of the same coin, while regional integration could promote economic globalisation, it can as well impede it. Hirst and Thompson (1996, as quoted in Hay 2013) observed that there is tendency toward regionalisation in the present era than globalisation. They submitted that the process of tridization is currently going on between the North America, East Asia and Europe owing to the series of inter-regional integration that is going on between these three regions. The outcome of which have being excluding most part of the world from economic globalisation process. The lesson that we are learning from this is to check on the regional integration objectives so as not to hinder economic globalisation, indeed regionalisation could be formed as a defence to unequal and imbalance nature of economic globalisation. C.  Protectionism Some states might device a means of protecting their local infants industries from been expose to the unfavourable competitions with foreign firms’ such states may consider certain goods and products that might want to come into her country as contra ban, or give a quota to such goods and products from the foreign firms. Although states might have their own reason for protecting their own national and local firms but it is generally belief that any strategy of protectionism employed by any states is anti-economic globalisation. D. Lack of technological Sophistication The importance of technological innovation is crucial to the development of economic globalisation , the internet make it easier to transact business on a global level within a second, so therefore lack of technology or lack improvement in technology would have severe impact on the economic globalisation. It is difficult to talk about economic globalisation without looking at the technology that have made global financial system more conveniently and reliable. All these abovementioned key points may impede the growth and process of economic globalisation. 1.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Haven explained what the globalisation is all about and especially haven been discussed those factors that may promote and impede economic globalisation. It is my opinion that those states whose action is being have been describe as a threat to economic globalisation have their own reasons for doing so. For instant, Stieglitz (2002) rightly observed that globalisation especially economic globalisation is characterised by unequal exchange in which the rich countries of global north gains at the expense of the global south. This could be reason why they are protecting their economy as a solution to the inhuman and exploitative nature of economic globalisation. However I will go with the position of Martin Wolf (2005) that if the developing world could invest in human capital, technology and open up their economy to outside world, they stand a chance of reaping the benefit of globalisation. Therefore, they should invest in human capital and technology, while open their economy to the outside world. Also the developed countries should carry them (global south) along in the process of economic globalisation. Otherwise, they continue to exact influence on those factors that impede it, became they think they have nothing to gain from it; consequently therefore, stopping it would not have any real impact on them since they are not benefiting from it. References Fukuyama, F. (1992), The End of History and The Last Man. New York: Free Press Harvey, D. (2014). Neoliberalism, politics and society. Retrieved Nov 13, 2014, from: http://www.slideshare.net/suehair/neoliberalism-politics-and-society Harvey,D.(2005) A Brief History Of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hay, C. (2005) ‘Globalisation Impact on State’, in R, John.(ed) Global Political Economy, Oxford: University Press. Held,D and Mcgrew,A. (2007) (eds) Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies . Cambridge: Polity Press Kiefer,L.,and Steve, C.(2005) Global Marketing Management :Challenges and New Strategies.London:Oxford University Press Marx, K. and Engel.(1848)The Communist Manifesto. London: Communist League McCormick, J. (1999) The European Union: Politics and Policies. New York: Westview Press Stiglitz, J. (2002) Globalisation and Its Discontents. New York: ww Norton and Company. Toffler A. (1980) Future Shock. London: Pan Book Ltd. Wolf, M. (2005) Why Globalisation works? Yale: Yale University Press.

Religious Discrimination Essay -- Religion Discrimination Discriminati

Religious Discrimination Table of Contents 1. Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 2. Definitions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 2.1 Religious Belief  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 2.2 Religious Discrimination  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 3. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 3.1 Prohibitions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 3.2 Accommodations and Undue Hardship  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 3.3 Who is Subject to the Provisions under Title VII?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 4. How to Handle Religious Discrimination in the Workplace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 4.1 Preventive Measures  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 4.2 Filing a Charge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 5. Cloutier v. Costco Wholesale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 6. Religious Discrimination after September 11, 2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 7. Summary and Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 7.1 Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 7.2 Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15 1. Introduction Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against applicants and employees because of their race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Religious Discrimination as part of the Civil Rights Act is the subject of this term paper. Initially, I will give a brief definition of â€Å"religious belief† and â€Å"religious discrimination† and write afterwards about prohibitions regarding religious discrimination, reasonably accommodation of religious beliefs and practices, undue hardship, and about the question â€Å"Who is subject to the provisions under Title VII?†. Furthermore, I will enter into the question how employers and employees should handle religious discrimination in the workplace. Since discrimination in the workplace cannot only cause costly lawsuits, but also has an impact on the moral of the employees, I will name some preventive measures. After that, I will switch to the employee’s view and give the reader an idea of what an employee should consider when filing a charge because of religious discrimination. Then, I will present the case Cloutier v. Costco Wholesale, which shall illustrate how everything fits together – from the broad definition of religion to the handling of a filed charge. According to statistics of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and state and local fair employment practices agencies, the number of charges alleging workplace discrimination based on religion or national origin has been significantly increased after September 11, 2001. Therefore, I will deal in this term paper with the influence of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on religious discrimination in the workplace. Finally, I... ...pportunity Commission. (2002, June). Facts About Religious Discrimination. Retrieved from: http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-relig.html The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1997, June). Filing a Charge. Retrieved from: http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/howtofil.html The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2002, May). QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE WORKPLACE RIGHTS OF MUSLIMS, ARABS, SOUTH ASIANS, AND SIKHS UNDER THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY LAWS. Retrieved from: http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/backlash-employee.html The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004, November). Religious Discrimination. Retrieved from: http://www.eeoc.gov/types/religion.html The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1997, January). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Retrieved from: http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/vii.html Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease LLP. (2002, October). Religious discrimination – Accommodating differences in the workplace. Retrieved from: http://www.vssp.com/CM/Articles/articles871.asp workindex. (2004, November). Ten Tips For Avoiding Religious Discrimination. Retrieved from: http://www.workindex.com/editorial/hre/hre0411-05.asp

Social Forces Affecting Education -Pressures on Children Essay

Social forces play a major role in the achievement that takes place in our nation’s schools. Factors that take place outside of the classroom have significant effects that intrude on a child’s learning environment. These social forces hold no prejudice to the youth for whom they afflict and arise in every school setting across the public school system. It is important that one recognizes the impact that social forces have on the future leaders of our country and what conflicts they create for our present day learners. Because we live in a competitive society and want to be able to compete in the global economy, achievement pressure runs rampant in classrooms across the country (Anxiety.org, 2011). When parents and teachers can become aware of the emotional burdens and adverse effects that high achievement pressures carry, they will no doubt second guess their choice to perpetuate them (Weissbourd, 2011). The first step in solving any problem is to first be able to ackno wledge it. Pressures on children in today’s society are a problem that is becoming more evident in academics as parents and teachers put more and more emphasis on these children to outperform their classmates, stress in the child’s life becomes an interfering problem (Anxiety.org, 2011 Weissbourd, 2011,). From preschool children to college adults, pressure to execute academic perfection extends across all areas of curriculum. In our highly competitive, American society, emphasis placed on academic achievement has never been so intense (Anxiety.org, 2011, Beilock, 2011). This need to be the best, fueled by our culture in America, has created a social force affecting education, a force to be reckoned with at that. Too often, parents and teachers sacrifice their chil... ... medical foundation. Retrieved from http://www.pamf.org/teen/byteens/academic-stress.html Kaur, S. (2011). pamf.org. Retrieved from http://www.pamf.org/teen/life/stress/academicpressure.html Anxiety.org. (2011, 5 16). Retrieved from http://www.anxiety.org/anxiety-news/general/childhood-anxiety-from-academic-pressure-are-we-pushin Herrfeldt, B. (n.d.). ehow.com. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_2314755_cope-academic-pressure-.html Weissbourd, R. (2011, May). The Overpressured Student. Educational Leadership, Vol. 68, No. 8, 23-27. Kadison, R. & DiGeronimo, T.F. (2004). College of the Overwhelmed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. American Psychological Association (APA) (2012, March 12). Reducing academic pressure may help children succeed. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120312101439.htm

Inner and Outer Beauty :: Sociology, Power, Attractiveness

Beautiful is a praising and admiring description which most people would love to hear about themselves. Although some people believe inner beauty is more important than outer beauty, the truth is that most people love outer beauty. As stated by Emerson, â€Å"if eyes were made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being† (â€Å"Ralph Waldo Emerson,† par. 28). People not only want to be beautiful, but they also tend to seek physical attractiveness. In fact, this is a culture consumed by beauty and attractiveness (Bennett, par.3). From mass fairy-tale stories and Hollywood movies, most people have learnt the stereotype of being beautiful is good and being ugly is bad. The stories and movies always show attractive actors and actresses defeating wicked, ugly villains. This strong stereotype, which powerfully influences each person’s concept of beauty, causes people to believe a beautiful person is more successful and superior. Dr. Herron states that â€Å" the ‘Beauty = Power’ formula is deeply entrenched in our psyches† (Herron 109). To be sure, beauty is a capital power which can determine and improve one’s life (Bennett, par. 1) since it can influence the clubs they join, the friendships they make, the people they marry, the jobs people get, and the salaries they earn (Berry 3). Attractive people are able to have many advantages and positive outcomes, such as having more popularity, greater confidence, more dating opportunities, more promotional chances, and higher salaries (Patel, Utpal, and Rebecca, par.4). Being attractive is important nowadays because it affects people’s interpersonal relationships and workplace experiences. First of all, attractive people are more likely to have better relationships in societies. The author of the article â€Å"Women’s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source?† mentions that â€Å"beauty is a form of power (Sontag 94),† which is true, especially in building relationships. To have good social and interpersonal interactions, the essential factor is physical attractiveness (Patel, Utpal, and Rebecca, par.1). Of course, inner beauty is necessary, but most people would not want to understand and know others deeply who are unattractive or give an unpleasant first impression. For example, I am one of those people who choose their friends by their good looks, and I would say even though some of my friends are plain, none of them would be categorized as homely. In fact, attractive people can have more benefits and positive outcomes than plain or unattractive people in interpersonal relationships.

What impacts the European debate about migration?

What political values and involvements impact the European argument about migration? Discuss how it affects the international instruments for migration, refuge, policing, boundary line controls, condemnable and civil jurisprudence today. Introduction Since the terminal of the Cold War, and possibly even more so in the context of Western responses to the events of 11 September 2001, the overpowering bulk of refugees are non offered refuge in the West. Rather than Alliess, they are now considered to be a security menace. Furthermore, economic migrators, one time welcomed as a necessary add-on to the labour force, are progressively perceived as a menace to security and a menace to occupations. The issue of in-migration in the EU has become progressively politicised and progressively securitised ( Huysmans 2006 ) , and has come to be a major factor in election runs across Europe. ‘Managing in-migration is now â€Å"the greatest challenge confronting all European governments† , harmonizing to John Reid, Britain ‘s place secretary. Nicolas Sarkozy, interior curate and presidential campaigner, has launched a get-tough run that may force the issue up the docket in following twelvemonth ‘s Gallic presidential election. This summer ‘s break-up of the Dutch alliance was triggered by differences over the tough policy of the in-migration curate, Rita Verdonk’ ( Economist 2006 ) . This highlights how cardinal the argument on migration is to the political relations of states across Europe. Immigration has become a cardinal issue in European political relations, one on which elections can progressively be won or lost. The European argument on migration encompasses values and involvements from across the political spectrum. Positions and beliefs about freedom, human rights, security, societal coherence, economic development and growing all play a portion in determining the European argument on migration. In this essay, I will concentrate on three of these issues – economic growing, human rights and security – analyzing which political values shape the economic, human rights and security statements which surround the in-migration argument. I will so look at how the argument has affected international instruments for migration, refuge, policing, boundary line controls, condemnable and civil jurisprudence in recent old ages. Economic growing By and large, those who prioritise economic growing have been in favor of increasing flexibleness in labour markets on the footing that free markets ( including free labor markets ) stimulate economic growing. However, as the Economist ( 2007 ) explains, ‘ [ I ] mmigration has become a complex and controversial issue for the EU, with economic benefits being weighed up against opposition from voters.’ Furthermore, while it may be considered good for economic growing at the macroeconomic degree, it is besides argued that in-migration takes occupations off from local workers ( and wages are frequently remitted to states of beginning – at least for first coevals immigrants ) therefore damaging community coherence and local economic systems. By and large, nevertheless, the economic growing statement comes down on the side of cut downing barriers to migration and points to the economic part of immigrants. The Economist ( 2006 ) , for illustration, argues that ‘gov ernments should non seek to halt all in-migration, even if they could. Immigrants ain and run stores, serve in eating houses and staff infirmaries ( many of the physicians and nurses who work in Britain ‘s wellness service have trained abroad ) .’ Human rights Human rights are besides normally cited as an statement in favor of leting in-migration or, at least, certain types of in-migration ( such as the granting of refuge ) . Indeed, international human rights instruments complement international refugee jurisprudence. As Gorlick ( 2003, 91 ) argues, the ‘development of law coming out of the UN human rights mechanisms is promoting and it provides a well-articulated legal foundation supportive of protagonism attempts on behalf of refugees.’ Human rights groups and administrations tend to be on the left of the political spectrum and be given to run for the carnival ( and normally more generous ) application of refuge. As economic and societal rights are progressively recognised as human rights, nevertheless, human rights claims can be used in the instance against leting migration by and large ( though non against asylum specifically ) on the footing that migrators take occupations off from national citizens. Security Gibney ( 2001, 41 ) explains that ‘ [ s ] ecurity is, for the most portion, an instrumental value. That is, we want it because it enables us to gain other values, such as freedom, peace of head and justness. Its instrumental function suggests that the value of any addition in security is non absolute ; it needs to be weighed against the costs it might hold to the other of import values.’ This is really of import when sing have values and involvements are converted into policy: while it may be possible to procure something or person wholly against a specific menace, the steps needed to procure them may curtail other values such as freedom to such an extent that the cost outweighs the benefit of the reduced hazard or extra security. Weiner ( 1992, 103 ) extends this statement to see how differing values in differing societies will take to differing apprehensions of security: ‘ † Security † is a societal concept with different significances in different so cieties†¦ Supplying a oasis for those who portion one ‘s values ( political freedom, for illustration ) is of import in some states, but non in others ; in some states, hence, an inflow of â€Å" freedom combatants † may non be regarded as a menace to security.’ This demonstrates that even amongst those who value ‘security’ and prioritize it in the European argument on migration, there can be broad divergency of positions on how this precedence should be reflected in policies and international instruments. Migration Rudolph ( 2003, 615 ) argues that ‘ [ w ] hat is endangering about the cloak-and-dagger entry of terrorists and the presence of sleeper cells in the fatherland is basically their invisibility—a ghost skulking in the shadows. Therefore, security would look to necessitate policies thatadditionvisibleness instead thanlesseningit.’ This provides a security-based statement to let in-migration, because legal in-migration is of course more seeable than illegal in-migration. However, this statement is non frequently applied in pattern. Generally, economic statements are made in favor of facilitaty inward migration and security statements are made to increase limitations on in-migration. The current tendency in Europe ( every bit good as the United States ) since the terminal of the Cold War and particularly since 9/11 has been to prioritize the security statements over the economic statements and this has resulted in a tightening of international in-migration controls. Refuge As Loescher ( 2003, 11 ) argues, ‘ [ R ] efugees are perceived as destabilising to national, regional and international security and as triggers for regional instability. Everywhere baneful Torahs now exist to turn away refugees and curtail their rights This state of affairs is a important going from province pattern in the Cold War when – mostly for political intents – attitudes towards refugees were far more tolerant and welcoming.’ Asylum is a right of those who have a tenable fright of persecution in their place state, enshrined in the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ( which about half the provinces in the universe have signed up to ) . However, as Weiner ( 1992, 109 ) explains, refugees’ ‘requests for refuge have been scrutinized non merely for whether they have a tenable fright of persecution, but for whether their presence might represent a menace to the host state. Such frights, it should be noted, are sometime s overdone, and authoritiess have frequently gone to extreme lengths to protect themselves against low degree menaces but these frights are however non ever without foundation, particularly in the context of an addition in international terrorism.’ In fact, at different times and in different topographic points, allowing refuge has been seen as a agency of keeping international security, and non a menace to ( national or international ) security. In the EU today, nevertheless, the inclination is to cut down entree to asylum, chiefly on the footing of statements about the menace that refugees pose to national and international security. This is reflected in a tightening of refuge controls in most of Europe. Patroling and boundary line controls Again, in the instance of policing and boundary line controls, the comparative prioritisation of different issues has an impact of how policy develops. Not merely that, but even within a given or agreed prioritisation, there may be broad argument and difference over what is the best agencies to accomplish those values that are prioritised. Koslowski ( 2002, 173 ) explains that in seeking to cover with organized offense, for illustration, ‘ [ R ] ather than covering with the more hard issues of altering citizenship Torahs and suiting progressively multi-ethnic societies, during the late eightiess and early 1990s, policymakers focused on stepping up boundary line controls and fastening refuge constabularies. However, Hayter ( 2000 ) provides economic, human rights and security statements in favor of loosen uping boundary line controls. Indeed, she proposes get rid ofing them wholly. Blaming refugees, or even migration more by and large, for organized offense is non a new phenomen on. However, it is an statement that is frequently disputed by experts, including the constabulary ( Hayter, 2000, 31 ) . Criminal and civil jurisprudence As Guild & A ; Minderhoud ( 2006 ) explain, the interaction of condemnable jurisprudence and migration jurisprudence defines how civil autonomies are balanced against the public protection responsibilities of the authorities. They examine the interpolation of in-migration into condemnable jurisprudence in the European Union. There are two peculiarly interesting points here. The first is that the administrative processs environing the entry, abode and/or ejection of aliens are non capable to the same methods of due procedure as those in condemnable jurisprudence. The 2nd is that in the face of turning force per unit area to control and command in-migration, assorted facets of migration have become progressively criminalised in recent old ages in the EU. Decision The European argument on migration is influenced by a huge array of different political issues and values which pull policy in conflicting waies. The policy results at any given clip depend on which issues and policies carry most strength at that given clip. Therefore while the European economic systems are by and large working rather good and in the wake of two really high profile terrorist events ( 9/11 and 7/7 bombardments ) , the current tendency is for security concerns to rule the docket. It is non hard to conceive of that this state of affairs could be reversed in the hereafter, nevertheless, and that would probably take to a more welcoming and less restrictive attack to in-migration in Europe. Bibliography Economist ( 2006 ) ‘Migration megrim: Immigration is a Europe-wide concern. It is non clear, though, that it needs a European solution’ from the Economist ( print edition ) , 14 September 2006. 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( 2000 ) .Open Boundary lines: The Case Against Immigration Controls.London: Pluto Press. Huysmans, J. ( 2006 ) .The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, migration and refuge in the EU.Oxford: Routledge. Koslowski, R. ( 2002 ) . ‘Immigration, Border Control and Aging Soceites in the European Union’ .The Brown Journal of World Affairs, VIII, 2 ( pp. 169-180 ) Loescher, G. ( 2003 ) . UNHCR at Fifty: Refugee Protection and World Politics. In N. Steiner, M. Gibney, & A ; G. Loescher,Problems of Protection: The UNHCR, Refugees, and Human Rights( pp. 3-18 ) . London: Routledge. Rudolph, C. ( 2003 ) . Security and the Political Economy of International Migration.American Political Science Review, 97( 4 ) , 603-620. Weiner, M. ( 1992 ) . Security, Stability, and International Migration.International Security, 17( 3 ) , 91-126.